Multiple myeloma is a rare type of cancer in which the plasma cells in the blood grow abnormally. The main role of plasma cells is to fight against bacteria and strengthen the immune system. In multiple myeloma, the plasma cells divide in large numbers and produce a high amount of protein in the blood and bones. These cancer cells overpower healthy cells. There are different stages of multiple myeloma, which is determined by the symptoms.
There is no cure for multiple myeloma; however, it can be treated for better living. The rate of survival depends on the stage of cancer. If multiple myeloma is diagnosed at an early stage, the survival rate is 73.9% and the survival rate of multiple myeloma diagnosed at a later stage is 51.1%.
Apart from the statistic reports, other factors determining the survival rate of multiple myeloma include:
- Age of the individual
- Kidney functions
- Lifestyle habits
1. Causes of multiple myeloma
There is no exact cause for multiple myeloma but there are a series of risk factors associated with it such as:
- Age
Multiple myeloma is more common in individuals above the age of 65. - Race
Africans are more prone to it when compared to other races. - Gender
Men are more prone to multiple myeloma when compared to women. - Genetic disorder
It could be an inherited disease from one’s parents or ancestors. - Obesity
Individuals suffering from obesity are at a higher risk of being diagnosed with multiple myeloma/ - Other plasma conditions
If an individual is already diagnosed with (monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS), then they are at a higher risk of multiple myeloma.
2. Different stages of multiple myeloma
Multiple myeloma is categorized into three different stages depending upon the severity of the disease.
Here are the details of each stage:
- Stage I
Cancer is difficult to diagnose at this stage as there are no signs or symptoms shown. If a patient has a history of kidney problems, the condition may worsen at stage I itself. At this stage, the following changes occur within the body, such as:- Number of red blood cells drops below the normal range
- The calcium count remains normal
- The tests show low levels of M protein in blood and urine
- A signal bone lesion is found in X-rays and no other damages are found
- Stage II
At this stage, the cancer cells increase. Kidney disorders can worsen the condition. Symptoms are not evident at this stage, and also there are not many changes in the body when compared to stage I. - Stage III
The cancer cells at this stage have grown in abundance to overshadow more healthy cells. Some of the internal stages are as follows:- Hemoglobin rate drops below 8.5 leading to anemia
- Hypercalcemia
- Three or more bone lesions are found which is called advanced bone damage
- The level of M protein increases in blood and urine.
If one does suspect or notice any such symptoms, it is better to get a check-up done so that treatment can be administered as soon as possible.